Monday, June 30, 2014

!! Ebook Download Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership, by Lewis Hyde

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Common as Air: Revolution, Art, and Ownership, by Lewis Hyde

Common as Air offers a stirring defense of our cultural commons, that vast store of art and ideas we have inherited from the past and continue to enrich in the present. Suspicious of the current idea that all creative work is "intellectual property," Lewis Hyde turns to America's Founding Fathers―men such as Adams, Madison, and Jefferson―in search of other ways to imagine the fruits of human wit and imagination. What he discovers is a rich tradition in which knowledge was assumed to be a commonwealth, not a private preserve.

For the founders, democratic self-governance itself demanded open and easy access to ideas. So did the growth of creative communities such as that of eighteenth-century science. And so did the flourishing of public persons, the very actors whose "civic virtue" brought the nation into being.

In this lively, carefully argued, and well-documented book, Hyde brings the past to bear on present matters, shedding fresh light on everything from the Human Genome Project to Bob Dylan's musical roots. Common as Air allows us to stand on the shoulders of America's revolutionary giants and thus to see beyond today's narrow debates over cultural ownership. What it reveals is nothing less than a vision of how to reclaim the commonwealth of art and ideas that we were meant to inherit.

  • Sales Rank: #566711 in Books
  • Published on: 2011-10-25
  • Released on: 2011-10-25
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.50" h x .79" w x 5.50" l, .69 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 352 pages

From Publishers Weekly
The question of how our cultural commons, our shared store of art and knowledge, might be made compatible with our modern age of stringent copyright laws, intellectual property rights, and restrictive patenting is taken up with considerable brio by Hyde (The Gift). Moving deftly between literary analysis, historiography, biography, and impassioned polemic, the book traces the idea of commonage from its English pastoral manifestations and pays particular attention to the American founding fathers' ideals of self-governance and civic republicanism grounded in the vision of a public realm animated by openly shared knowledge and property rights that functioned for the benefit of society rather than individuals alone. Hyde leaps nimbly, if sometimes too hurriedly, from the Ancient Mariner to the human genome project, ultimately offering a vision of human subjectivity that is fundamentally social, historical, and plural. If the book is perhaps not wholly successful in showing how we might concretely legislate for a cultural commons that would simultaneously allow for financial reward and protection from monopoly, it is nonetheless a fascinating and eminently readable attempt to coordinate commerce and creativity in what he sees as an increasingly restrictive economy of ideas.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

From Booklist
In his seminal book The Gift (1983), Hyde invited us to bridge the chasm between the values of the artist and the pressures of the marketplace by considering traditional economies based on reciprocal gift giving. With his latest selection, the poet–translator–cultural anthropologist–public intellectual again examines the intersection between creativity and commerce, in particular, the question of whether the fruits of creative labor can or should be privately owned. As before, Hyde’s impetus in writing is in part fear of the constraints unrestrained capitalism seems to impose on artists and cultural innovators; a considerable portion of this account is devoted to chronicling the recent corporate land grab of knowledge and the thorny bramble of intellectual property law. But this is less a manifesto of the misleadingly named copy-Left movement than it is a search for cultural consensus on which meaningful rules can be based. Finding inspiration and precedent in the concept of the commons in English land-tenure law (as well as the examples of Benjamin Franklin and Bob Dylan, among others), Hyde argues that art and ideas constitute an inherently public cultural commons that is most fertile when authors have only limited permission to enclose their works from unauthorized use. Deeply researched and powerfully felt, this book presents a compelling case for an alternate paradigm, and showcases the originality that readers cherished in The Gift. --Brendan Driscoll

Review

“Lewis Hyde has written a stunning book. Drawing from science, law, and art, and looking deep into the intentions of the founding fathers, Common as Air is essential reading, no matter where you stand in the ongoing debate about the ownership of art and ideas.” ―Anna Deavere Smith

“Lewis Hyde's Common As Air [is] an eloquent and erudite plea for protecting our cultural patrimony from appropriation by commercial interests . . . Hyde builds his argument by telling stories, and he tells them well. His book brims with vignettes, which may be familiar but complement one another in ways that produce original insights. Instead, he tells stories with a moral. If we reassessed our history, he teaches, we would reassert our citizenship in a Republic of Letters that was crucial to the creation of the American Republic--and that is more important than ever in the age of the Internet.” ―Robert Darnton, The New York Times Book Review

“Lewis Hyde, MacArthur Fellow and professor at Kenyon and Harvard, offers a brilliant and absorbing account of the development of restrictive and enduring private ownership of shared experience . . . His argumentation is dazzling, dense with lucid ideas, erudition, wry humor . . . Like his elegant 1983 underground bestseller, The Gift, about social codes of giving and accepting, Common as Air will surely inspire thoughtful responses for even longer than its own copyright endures.” ―Matt Kramer, Star-Tribune

“Drawing on deep historical research, Common As Air discusses the reasons why Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and their peers were wary of perpetual patents and copyrights. The Founders viewed them as state-sanctioned monopolies that deterred the progress of learning, creativity, and innovation. This is the reason why they carved out room in the U.S. Constitution for intellectual property, the first country to do so.” ―Kembrew McLeod, The Atlantic

“In [Common As Air], Hyde discusses the property we once held in common--from land to books to certain kinds of scientific discoveries--and demonstrates how this arena has steadily eroded.” ―Bill Eichenberger, The Plain Dealer (Cleveland)

“Deeply researched and powerfully felt, this book presents a compelling case for an alternate paradigm, and showcases the originality that readers cherished in The Gift.” ―Brendan Driscoll, Booklist

Most helpful customer reviews

15 of 18 people found the following review helpful.
Finally, making the Commons Clear!
By Brad Lichtenstein
I've been working on a film about our commons, working with people who care about seeds, cultural commons, intellectual property and its limits on sharing, the water, our air....and it is hard to make a clear argument for why these commons are related and worth fighting for. Hyde is a magician with words, and he's pulled a winner out of his hat. The topic is vital, and the read is a pleasure.

5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Engaging & original critique of the cultural commons
By David A. Bollier
The great virtue of Common as Air is the originality of Lewis Hyde's engaging historical exploration of the cultural commons. Contrary to the claims of one reviewer here, the commons has not been swept into the dustbin of history by capitalism. It lives a quite vibrant contemporary life in such commons as open source software, Wikipedia and Creative Commons-licensed music, images and books. The point is to understand the social dynamics of such commons (quite apart from the role of markets and government). Copyright law clearly does not appreciate these dimensions of creativity. Why exactly is so much creativity incubated in social communities, and how do property rights and markets sometimes stifle culture?

Don't be mistaken into thinking that this book is a dry policy analysis. It's a lush, provocative and highly readable meditation on human creativity, culture and property rights, especially in the context of American history. Who knew that Benjamin Franklin was not just an iconic entrepreneur, but also America's "founding pirate," an innovator deeply committed to collaborative invention and the open sharing of knowledge? Hyde tells a largely untold story about the Founders' commitment to open, shareable culture and innovation. Highly recommended.

3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Terrific
By Amazon Customer
This book explains the true meaning "commons" in the context of the public good. This is critical to an understanding of the development of copyright, both in terms of the law and also in terms of critical thinking about this complex subject. Further, the writing style is excellent. The writing is readable, clear, and direct. I recommend this book highly.

See all 17 customer reviews...

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Sunday, June 29, 2014

> Download The Violent Bear It Away: A Novel (FSG Classics), by Flannery O'Connor

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The Violent Bear It Away: A Novel (FSG Classics), by Flannery O'Connor

A brilliant, innovative novel, acutely alert to where the sacred lives―and where it does not

First published in 1960, The Violent Bear It Away is a landmark in American literature―a dark and absorbing example of the Gothic sensibility and bracing satirical voice that are united in Flannery O'Connor's work.
In this, O'Connor's second novel, the orphaned Francis Marion Tarwater and his cousin, the schoolteacher Rayber, defy the prophecy of their dead uncle that Tarwater will become a prophet and baptize Rayber's young son, Bishop. A series of struggles ensues, as Tarwater fights an internal battle against his innate faith and the voices calling him to be a prophet while Rayber tries to draw Tarwater into a more "reasonable" modern world. Both wrestle with the legacy of their dead relative and lay claim to Bishop's soul. All this is observed by O'Connor with an astonishing combination of irony and compassion, humor and pathos.

  • Sales Rank: #26001 in Books
  • Brand: O'Connor, Flannery
  • Published on: 2007-06-12
  • Released on: 2007-06-12
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.22" h x .38" w x 5.25" l, .53 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 256 pages

Review

“I am sure her books will live on and on in American Literature” ―Elizabeth Bishop

“There is very little contemporary fiction which touches the level of Flannery O'Connor at her best.” ―Alan Pryce-Jones, New York Herald Tribune

About the Author

Flannery O'Connor was born in Savannah, Georgia, in 1925. When she died at the age of thirty-nine, America lost one of its most gifted writers at the height of her powers. O'Connor wrote two novels, Wise Blood (1952) and The Violent Bear It Away (1960), and two story collections, A Good Man Is Hard to Find (1955) and Everything That Rises Must Converge (1964). Her Complete Stories, published posthumously in 1972, won the National Book Award that year, and in a 2009 online poll it was voted as the best book to have won the award in the contest's 60-year history. Her essays were published in Mystery and Manners (1969) and her letters in The Habit of Being (1979). In 1988 the Library of America published her Collected Works; she was the first postwar writer to be so honored. O'Connor was educated at the Georgia State College for Women, studied writing at the Iowa Writers' Workshop, and wrote much of Wise Blood at the Yaddo artists' colony in upstate New York. A devout Catholic, she lived most of her life on a farm in Milledgeville, Georgia, where she raised peacocks and wrote.

Most helpful customer reviews

110 of 118 people found the following review helpful.
Wa-a-ait a second...
By Henry Platte
I think it's important to correct a common misperception that's been cropping up in the reviews here. I can understand how someone might come to the conclusion that The Violent Bear it Away is an exposure of, or an attack on, religious fanaticism, but I can say with almost absolute certainty that this was not the author's intention. Flannery O'Connor was a devout Roman Catholic, and nearly all of her stories (check out especially A Good Man is Hard to Find) carry a very extreme and uncompromising religious message. Everything connected with her - the other stories, her personal correspondence, and the text of Violent itself - suggest that it was meant as, crudely stated, an endorsement of fanaticism; or more accurately, a spiritual call to arms, and an attack of meek secularism. This doesn't mean that the book is only for religious people. Someone reading it from an antifanatic standpoint might well benefit, if only by discovering in the person of the author herself an example of the fanaticism they find so distasteful. A religious reader, though, should not be frightened away by all these reviews suggesting that The Violent is a plea for religious moderation. O'Connor's vision, above all, was radical and unconventional, and for either a religious, an agnostic or an antireligious reader, it presents something to think about.

As for the book itself, I only give it four stars because I think O'Connor's short stories are a better exploration of her themes. In the long form, instead of presenting a more nuanced view of the world, there is only room for more brutality and meanness; which isn't neccesarily a bad thing, but which isn't a good thing either. I would reccommend either of O'Connor's short story collections before The Violent, but for a fan of her work, The Violent is indispensable.

24 of 25 people found the following review helpful.
Haunting, beautiful, astonishing
By Ben Brouwer
I am new to Flannery O'Connor. My introduction to her was through popular culture. She was mentioned in an interview with Bono and Sufjan Stevens adores her. And who hasn't heard of "A Good Man is Hard to Find," even if they haven't read it? Regardless, I don't read a lot of fiction, and am by no means a literary critic, but some thoughts follow.

I can't say why I started with this book and not "A Good Man...", other than that I wanted to start with something that was not as familiar. Having read nothing about the book prior to reading it (which is the best way to experience it), I came away utterly astonished at what I had read. To echo another reviewer's comments, sometimes it becomes excruciatingly painful to continue reading, but I was so drawn into the story that I couldn't put it down. I knew of O'Connor's penchant for shock, but there was one event in particular that I was absolutely unprepared for, and I'll let the reader discover what that was.

I'm very impressed with O'Connor's crisp style, which is intelligent yet accessible and capable of vividly portraying the internal transformation of her characters. She is also gifted in her manipulation of her characters' faults to serve the drama. One example of this genius was revealed when I found out why Rayber had a hearing aid--not why he needed one, but why the story needed him to have one. It was a masterful stroke.

My only complaint is that Frances, at age 14, seemed far more sure of himself and the world around him and what he wanted and didn't want than are most real children his age. In that regard, he was a little unbelievable, but it didn't take too much away from my enjoyment of this haunting, beautiful, and astonishing novel.

15 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
COMPELLING, but not for everyone
By C. L Wilson
What a compelling, gripping book, that I first read in September of 1996 and promised myself to read again someday. It has lost none of its power for me. Almost a thriller. After about halfway through, I simply couldn't put it down - again. The two main characters, Rayber and Tarwater, mesmerizing. But to correct a misconception - this book was published in 1960. And since Flannery was born in 1925, she was 40 when it first came out, a matter of simple math. Not 30, as one reviewer noted. She did not even complete the first draft until 1959.

About bible-belt southern poor, that, being from the South, I recognize and know. These people are not as far-fetched as many might think. Yet it is such an unlikely plot for such an incredible read.

Flannery, a life-long staunch Catholic, is not at all satirizing here. Quite plainly nature in the novel is used as a kind of sacrament, and Tarwater (the boy) does indeed emerge as the prophet from the wilderness (Powderhead). She sets Rayber, the intellectual humanist and rationalist against both the Tarwaters. Rayber is total commitment to disbelief; old Tarwater a total committment to faith. In the novel, there is no middle course. But Rayber's is the way of self-deception and self-destruction according to Flannery. In the end, he just collapses and that is all the further we hear of him. But Tarwater is given, so he comes to realize, a vision of his prophecy that he cannot deny, no matter what the cost to himself. In another time these people would not have been looked upon as freaks, mad and compulsive, certainly not in Biblical times.

Rayber's love for his son just dissolves, while Tarwater's vision for his nephew, young Tarwater, takes wing.

Of course, there is one staggering problem - that the boy Tarwater commits a murder on his way to salvation. Flannery seem not to consider this as of much importance. What exactly is Bishop to Rayber and the boy? I'm not sure. But I do know that this book is not easily forgotten, nor the questions it raises. Is it that Rayber, by constantly fighting against forces in himself, and thus denying his true nature, collapses, while the boy finally gives in? Read it and ask yourself.

See all 76 customer reviews...

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Saturday, June 28, 2014

## PDF Download The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America, by Stefanie Syman

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The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America, by Stefanie Syman

In The Subtle Body, Stefanie Syman tells the surprising story of yoga's transformation from a centuries-old spiritual discipline to a multibillion-dollar American industry.

Yoga's history in America is longer and richer than even its most devoted practitioners realize. It was present in Emerson's New England, and by the turn of the twentieth century it was fashionable among the leisure class. And yet when Americans first learned about yoga, what they learned was that it was a dangerous, alien practice that would corrupt body and soul.

A century later, you can find yoga in gyms, malls, and even hospitals, and the arrival of a yoga studio in a neighborhood is a signal of cosmopolitanism. How did it happen? It did so, Stefanie Syman explains, through a succession of charismatic yoga teachers, who risked charges of charlatanism as they promoted yoga in America, and through generations of yoga students, who were deemed unbalanced or even insane for their efforts. The Subtle Body tells the stories of these people, including Henry David Thoreau, Pierre A. Bernard, Margaret Woodrow Wilson, Christopher Isherwood, Sally Kempton, and Indra Devi.

From New England, the book moves to New York City and its new suburbs between the wars, to colonial India, to postwar Los Angeles, to Haight-Ashbury in its heyday, and back to New York City post-9/11. In vivid chapters, it takes in celebrities from Gloria Swanson and George Harrison to Christy Turlington and Madonna. And it offers a fresh view of American society, showing how a seemingly arcane and foreign practice is as deeply rooted here as baseball or ballet.

This epic account of yoga's rise is absorbing and often inspiring―a major contribution to our understanding of our society.

  • Sales Rank: #1034871 in Books
  • Published on: 2011-05-24
  • Released on: 2011-05-24
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.21" h x 1.17" w x 5.42" l, 1.05 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 400 pages

From Publishers Weekly
Yoga conquers America—and is conquered in its turn—in this labyrinthine cultural history. Journalist Syman traces American enthusiasm for yoga back to Thoreau and follows it through cycles of waxing and waning popularity: it was decried by Victorians for its association with madness and tantric sex rituals, celebrated in the 1960s for its association with altered states of consciousness (and tantric sex rituals), and ubiquitously embraced in the 21st century as a wholesome, anodyne exercise program. The author argues that, even as the om-chanting adept became the embodiment of spirituality, yoga's mainstreaming risked the discipline losing its rich spiritual content, along with the more extreme contortions, regular enemas, and whatever else Americans considered off-putting. Unfortunately, the author's attempts to clarify yoga's spiritual content, which is multifarious and intractably murky, don't always succeed, and sometimes the narrative bogs down amid barnstorming swamis and their squabbling sects. When she pulls back to view the culture mashup yoga has become—a cure for back pain, a beauty regime, and a route to God—she gives a cogent, engrossing analysis of this Asian-born spiritual practice turned all-American panacea. 8 pages of b&w illus. (June)
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

From Booklist
Syman begins her embracive and illuminating history of yoga in America by discussing how polymorphous a practice yoga has become. From an age-old spiritual tradition in India designed to enable disciples to gain mastery over their bodies to attain the divine, yoga has morphed over the last century and a half into a form of exercise so mainstream, people performed yoga poses on the White House lawn during Easter celebrations—a sight no one would have imagined when yoga first scandalized Americans with its frank approach to every aspect of physical life, from breathing to sex. From Thoreau, the first American yogi, to the earliest yogis from India in America, including the influential Swami Vivekananda who arrived in 1893, Syman profiles a great array of colorful yogis and yoga teachers while chronicling with remarkable knowledge and wit all the permutations yoga has undergone. Of particular pleasure and discovery are Syman's coverage of yoga in Hollywood, the profound social changes propelling the union of yoga and psychedelics in the hippie era, and the yoga for success of more recent vintage. --Donna Seaman

Review

“Stefanie Syman's . . . spacious history of yoga in America, The Subtle Body, begins by describing how deeply and enduringly classical Indian philosophy influenced American transcendentalists. Both Emerson and Thoreau admired the Bhagavad-Gita . . . However, neither knew much about the physical-fitness side of yoga. The earliest Indian vendors of spirituality, like Swami Vivekananda . . . looked down on the asanas, or poses, of hatha yoga as a defective path to yoga's goal: the union of the individual self with the divine Self.” ―PANKAJ MISHRA, The New York Times Book Review

“Syman . . . astutely shows how yoga's versatility as a practice has helped it adapt to ever-conflicting historical currents.” ―CLAIRE DEDERER, Slate

“Syman gives a terrific overview of the teachers whose names are now so much a part of the history of yoga in this country: Vivekananda, Sri Aurobindo, Prabhavananda, Indra Devi, Jois and Bikram . . . As for charges of commercialism or elitism: ‘Yoga is both an indulgence and a penance,' she writes. ‘It will tone your thighs, and it might crack open your reality.'” ―SUSAN SALTER REYNOLDS, Los Angeles Times

“Many of us have been waiting for decades to read a comprehensive history of yoga in the United States. Stefanie Syman has written that history and she has written it very well. I recommend this book to the 16 million people who practice yoga in this country, as well as to anyone who simply wonders what the fuss is all about.” ―David Gordon White, author of Sinister Yogis

“The Subtle Body is an enthralling book, and an enlightening one.” ―Robert Thurman

“Stefanie Syman's superb book fills a major gap in our understanding of religion in America. This fascinating account, full of colorful characters, demonstrates the importance of yoga in transforming Americans' understanding of the body. Any survey of American religious history must take this narrative into account.” ―Randall Balmer, Professor of American Religious History, Barnard College, Columbia University

“As this intriguing narrative chronicles, few points of dynamic transfer in the encounter between East and West have proven more useful to creative Americans than the ancient philosophy and exercise regime of yoga. For its many practitioners, yoga fuses body, mind, spirit, energy, and attitude into an alembic of well-being harmonizing self and non-self, struggle and peace.” ―Kevin Starr, University of Southern California

Most helpful customer reviews

34 of 39 people found the following review helpful.
A beautiful fascinating book that unfortunately disappoints
By A. Jones
A fascinating, exceptionally well written book about the history of yoga in America. Well researched and referenced (reads almost like a doctoral dissertation). It's major weakness is the complete lack of proportion between the historic importance of various characters and the amount of text devoted to them. Obscure and relatively irrelevant characters (e.g., Margaret Woodrow Wilson) get far more page time than T.Krishnamacharya and BKS Iyengar. How is this possible? Many of the interesting and influential teachers of the past 30 years are not even mentioned. Many of the distinct styles of Hatha Yoga are not even mentioned. It's almost as though the author ran out of time or steam when she reached 1980. Also, having referenced so many interesting but obscure old documents, the author would have been wise to provide more pictures.

25 of 30 people found the following review helpful.
enjoyable but flawed
By J. owen
This is a book I've wanted to see for a long time. The subject of yoga culture and teachers was central to my own life from the 60's through the 90's. I think many of you old yogis and ashramites will enjoy this book. Despite many flaws, it is entertaining.

As a book of history, this has much interesting research into the early days of American yoga thinkers and teachers. I thought the focus on Pierre Bernard was excessive compared to other teachers and Gurus (Yogananda seemed marginalized by comparison). The focus also seems very heavy on tantra and sexual scandal, which to me seemed to be there to sell more books.

The later years of yoga fly by very quickly and Ms Syman seems to prefer the media shock value and scandal of the Gurus of the 60's through 80's and miss less dramatic but important developments of the various yoga/meditation movements. I'm tired of the Beatles/Maharishi connection seeming to be the center of Mahesh's career. There Was life after the Beatles for the TM movement

This book is strong on history and source referencing but weak on cultural analysis and makes many bizarre connections. I'm sorry, but I think this person should stick to being a reporter, not an analyst.

I guarantee its worth going over to U-tube to see Elvis sing "Yoga is as yoga does', a gem of a very bad song that Stefanie mentions when citing the media dumbing down and whitewashing of yoga.

So, enjoy it. Take with a grain of NaCl.

42 of 54 people found the following review helpful.
The Less than Subtle Body
By Rickter
Having been a student, practitioner, and teacher of yoga for the past 35 years, it was with some positive anticipation that I began reading The Subtle Body. Unfortunately, when I completed the book my first thought was that if I knew nothing about yoga, this book would make sure that I never pursued any form of yoga in the future. Yogis were a pretty weird and suspicious group as described in the book.

The author should be praised for amassing a substantial number of references. However, the errors and omissions in the book would keep me from recommending it to others. For some reason, the author chose to develop individual chapters of the book to the Bernards while only mentioning Paramahansa Yogananda in passing. My view of Swami Prahbavananda, based on reading his books and discussing him with a Nun who knew him was that he was of the highest intellect and morality. In this book he comes off as a chain smoking guy who had some conversations with Isherwood and Huxley.

Certainly, the numerous controversies in which some yogis were involved deserved mentioning. However, the positive aspects of many of the yoga masters described were downplayed or left out. For instance, Muktananda's Siddha Yoga is discussed in terms of Durgananda who left Siddha Yoga on good terms. No mention was made of the several other substantial SY swamis who have maintained their work within the organization.

Of considerable concern is the failure to discuss yoga philosophy and psychology which some feel trump that found in the west. Their is little discussion, if any, of the title of the book. The subtle body needs much more clarification or it seems like some silly fantasy. The trumping of spiritual yoga by the various hatha yoga "studios" has been deplored by such yoga scholars as Dr. Georg Feurstein. This issue is missed by the author.

Of greatest concern, was the oblique conclusion that yoga and western religion are antithetical to one another. Yogis have gone out of their way to show the parallels in the western and eastern paradigms. Certainly, there are differences, but many practitioners of western religion have found ways to assimilate a yoga practice into their lives.

Anyone wishing to understand yoga would do better to read Prabhavananda and Huston Smith's Spiritual Heritage of India. Then go to various centers offering meditation as a main form of yoga and find one with which you are comfortable.
The Subtle Body: The Story of Yoga in America

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Friday, June 27, 2014

~~ PDF Ebook Copeland's Cure: Homeopathy and the War Between Conventional and Alternative Medicine, by Natalie Robins

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Copeland's Cure: Homeopathy and the War Between Conventional and Alternative Medicine, by Natalie Robins

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Copeland's Cure: Homeopathy and the War Between Conventional and Alternative Medicine, by Natalie Robins

Today, one out of every three Americans uses some form of alternative medicine, either along with their conventional (“standard,” “traditional”) medications or in place of them. One of the most controversial–as well as one of the most popular–alternatives is homeopathy, a wholly Western invention brought to America from Germany in 1827, nearly forty years before the discovery that germs cause disease. Homeopathy is a therapy that uses minute doses of natural substances–minerals, such as mercury or phosphorus; various plants, mushrooms, or bark; and insect, shellfish, and other animal products, such as Oscillococcinum. These remedies mimic the symptoms of the sick person and are said to bring about relief by “entering” the body’s “vital force.” Many homeopaths believe that the greater the dilution, the greater the medical benefit, even though often not a single molecule of the original substance remains in the solution.
In Copeland’s Cure, Natalie Robins tells the fascinating story of homeopathy in this country; how it came to be accepted because of the gentleness of its approach–Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow were outspoken advocates, as were Louisa May Alcott, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Daniel Webster. We find out about the unusual war between alternative and conventional medicine that began in 1847, after the AMA banned homeopaths from membership even though their medical training was identical to that of doctors practicing traditional medicine. We learn how homeopaths were increasingly considered not to be “real” doctors, and how “real” doctors risked expulsion from the AMA if they even consulted with a homeopath.

At the center of Copeland's Cure is Royal Samuel Copeland, the now-forgotten maverick senator from New York who served from 1923 to 1938. Copeland was a student of both conventional and homeopathic medicine, an eye surgeon who became president of the American Institute of Homeopathy, dean of the New York Homeopathic Medical College, and health commissioner of New York City from 1918 to 1923 (he instituted unique approaches to the deadly flu pandemic). We see how Copeland straddled the worlds of politics (he befriended Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, among others) and medicine (as senator, he helped get rid of medical “diploma mills”). His crowning achievement was to give homeopathy lasting legitimacy by including all its remedies in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938.

Finally, the author brings the story of clashing medical beliefs into the present, and describes the role of homeopathy today and how some of its practitioners are now adhering to the strictest standards of scientific research–controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical studies.

  • Sales Rank: #1553480 in Books
  • Published on: 2005-02-15
  • Released on: 2005-02-15
  • Format: Deckle Edge
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.53" h x 1.23" w x 6.48" l, 1.50 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 352 pages

From Publishers Weekly
Sen. Royal Copeland of New York is mostly forgotten as a politician, yet he was responsible for the inclusion, and legitimization, of homeopathic remedies in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938. Robins, the Edgar Award–winning coauthor of Savage Grace, resurrects Copeland to tell of his lifelong struggle for the acceptance of homeopathy by the mainstream medical community. Placing the spread of painless homeopathy in the 19th century in the context of such brutal treatments as bloodletting, Robins then gives a detailed recounting of Copeland's early career as a homeopathic eye doctor, with descriptions of treatments that would make a doctor today blanch. Copeland's life story serves as a backdrop for the struggle that began in the 1840s between homeopathy and the fledgling American Medical Association, which mounted a campaign to stamp it out. Robins devotes her last three chapters to a history of homeopathy in the half-century since Copeland's death; it remains a popular alternative treatment, although homeopathists are still on the fringes of accepted medicine. Robins refrains from taking a stance on the legitimacy of the practice, which has yet to be tested in clinical trials. She confines herself to giving a thorough, if dry, account of homeopathy's role in the shaping of American medicine. B&w illus.
Copyright © Reed Business Information, a division of Reed Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

From Booklist
Few outside of the medical community may understand the difference between allopathic medicine and homeopathic medicine. It is likely that even fewer are aware of the history of homeopathy, or of where it stands in relation to, say, chiropractic or holistic medicine. Robins' comprehensive account lays all that out around the life and times of U.S. senator, doctor, and dogged champion of homeopathy Royal Samuel Copeland. Paying careful attention to detail, Robins explains the birth of the formal practice of homeopathy, which is based on the principle of like curing like, and the origins of its ongoing love-(mostly)hate relationship with allopathy, which is understood to be based on using opposites to treat illness and disease. Robins answers every point in support of homeopathy with an equally credible counterpoint in support of allopathy, referring final decisions to readers by quoting physician Jennifer Jacobs, coauthor of Healing with Homeopathy (1996), who says, "Ultimately all healing is a personal journey." Donna Chavez
Copyright © American Library Association. All rights reserved

About the Author
Natalie Robins is the author of eight books, including Savage Grace (cowritten with Steven M. L. Aronson), for which she received the Edgar Allan Poe Award; Alien Ink: The FBI’s War on Freedom of Expression, winner of the Hugh M. Hefner First Amendment Award; and The Girl Who Died Twice: The Libby Zion Case and the Hidden Hazards of Hospitals. She lives in New York City with her husband, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt.

Most helpful customer reviews

10 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
Review by Julian Winston historian of Homopathy
By Lynn Cremona
Copeland's Cure: Homeopathy and the War Between Conventional and Alternative Medicine
by Natalie Robins
Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 330 pages, hardcover
ISBN 0-375410-90-2

Reviewed by Julian Winston

A BOOK ABOUT HOMEOPATHIC HISTORY? Usually I have some inkling that a work like this is coming. The homeopathic grapevine is most reliable, and when someone is writing about history, I usually catch wind of it. That this book appeared, full-blown, as a hardback, and with no review copy sent to the National Center for Homeopathy, was certainly a surprise. What could I do but obtain a copy, read it, and write a review?

The book is ostensibly about Royal S. Copeland, an 1889 MD graduate of the Homeopathic Department of the Univer­sity of Michigan. Copeland went on to gain a modicum of fame as an ophthalmic surgeon, taught at his Alma Mater, became mayor of Ann Arbor, and then moved to New York to become the Dean of the New York Homeopathic Medical College. President of the American Institute of Homeopathy (AIH) in 1908, Copeland eventually became Health Commissioner for the City of New York and, ultimately, a U.S. Senator. It is in the latter capacity that most present-day homeopaths know him: it was his influence that placed the Home­opathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS) in the legislation that formed the Food and Drug Administration. And it is the HPUS that allows our homeopathic drugs legal status today.

Mover and shaker
The story of Dr. Copeland, a "mover and shaker" of his day, is fascinating. I was most impressed with the details of his struggle to pull the New York Homeo­pathic College from the doldrums and restore some of its previous glory. His "political nature" was never far beneath the surface, and his ability to play the game on the rough and tumble field of New York City and state politics is a story in itself.

Another fascinating side of Dr. Copeland was his willingness to unabashedly produce testimonials for any number of heath-related products, from mineral waters to baking yeast, and to promote those products through his "Ask Dr. Copeland" radio shows and newspaper columns.

Yet the thrust of this book, as seen from its title, is the battle between homeopathy and conventional medicine (represented by the AMA). To write such a book requires that the author possess a mod­icum of understanding of homeopathy as well as of the context in which it operated during the time-period under discussion. Unfortunately, Robins falls far short in this understanding.

Homeopathy misunderstood
To understand Copeland, one has to understand homeopathy in its fullness. So it was with concern that I read, on page 28: "But some new ideas did appear. In 1877, Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica, by the American homeopath James Tyler Kent, a former eclectic, had been published abroad. This book intro­duced to homeopathy the concept of con­stitutional types and prescribing, and brought into being what is called classical homeopathy. Kent held that people with similar personalities and body types also had similar illnesses, and he said that the remedies should be prescribed according to the individual's physical appearance and emotions, as well as to his symptoms." This is unacceptable scholarship. First, the date is wrong. The repertory was first printed in 1897. Second, it was published in Lancaster, PA, not abroad. Third, the Repertory did not "bring into being what is called classical homeopathy" in any way. Fourth, Robins' description of Kent's homeopathy is not what Kent was teaching. Any homeopath knows that.

After seeing these "red flags,' I watched as the author stumbled through what homeopathy is all about. She was certainly not going to get an understanding of homeopathy from Copeland, because he himself had a minimal understanding of the principle of similars. He was one of those who was using remedies based upon toxicological data and who rarely made a prescription above a 3X potency.

We read on page 38 that "Belladonna was often used for infections and inflam­mations, as well as labor pains and toothaches." This passage is typical of the descriptions of homeopathic remedies that are found throughout the book. On page 275, when discussing possible reme­dies to use for ADHD, Stramonium is described as "made from the poisonous plant also known as Devil's Apple, brings on delusions-as well as sedation-if given full strength." The author appears to describe many remedies based upon their toxicology and shows no understanding of the larger sense of materia medica-the same failing that the homeopathic schools of that time-period had in their instruc­tion and the same reason that AIH mem­bers of that period drifted so far from understanding the essential truth of homeopathy.

Copeland's "fall" into the swamp of trying to justify homeopathy within the context of the model of conventional medicine can only be understood in the larger context of why homeopathy almost died off in the U.S. in the first place-a story well told by Daniel Cook, MD, and Alain Naude in their Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy (JAIH) article (summer 1996) and reiterated by others over the years. That article, so seminal to the understanding of exactly what caused the "downfall" of homeopathy in the U.S., is not referenced by Robins.

Copeland misunderstood
By not understanding the "wholeness" of homeopathy, the author also misunder­stands Copeland. One might comprehend him a bit better after perusing a small pamphlet he wrote in 1909 entitled "The Scientific Reasonableness of Homeopa­thy;' a work I have on my bookshelf. (I did not find this work among the references in Robins' book.) The pamphlet is a telling statement about Copeland's relationship to homeopathy.

In it, he discusses understanding the remedies from the point of view of select­ing, from the mass of provings, the symp­toms of "minimum practical value." He can readily see that the study of Bel­ladonna will give a mental picture that could point the way to the proper selec­tion of the remedy, and that this can be done through knowledge of the materia medica alone. He says:
"Those of us who have not made use of the repertory, or of a sufficient amount of midnight oil, have said, mentally at least, 'I do not know of any homeopathic remedy for this case and I am justified in resorting to expediency.' With most of us, expedi­ency has meant palliative, certainly mate­rial treatment. But the repertorial advocate says nay to all this. He insists there is still a way to select from the bushels of chaff the grain of wheat which may be made into the loaf of healing. Without present discussion of the details of this system, I wish to give earnest testi­mony to what it has revealed to me of the possibilities and actualities of successfully prescribing in cases heretofore apparently hopeless of other methods of homeo­pathic practice. Personally, I regret the years of active practice without working knowledge of the repertory, and I have promised myself that I shall make future use of the system, limited and circumscribed as here indicated."

A "half-homeopath"
It appears that Copeland was trained in the "name" homeopathy but not at all in its "practice,' other than in keynote pre­scribing based on pathological symptoms. Judging by his other writings, he never kept the promise he made to himself to study the system, slipping further and fur­ther into "expediency."

This was well summed up by home­opath Edwin Lightner Nesbit, MD, in the August 1919 IAIHwhen he spoke about the inevitable decline of homeopathy being brought about by "half-homeopathy." Said Nesbit: "When Copeland says, 'If homeop­athy had strength enough, and vigor enough and old-time stamina enough to fight its battles now as it did in the pioneer days, it could accomplish enough in this generation; etc. I say, 'Yep, attaboy, and me too; meaning 'amen.' Only from this prac­titioner's viewpoint I would say, if our homeopathic leaders-like Copeland had the vision enough ten years ago to see the inevitable trend of their truckling to non-homeopathic 'standards' and to stand for 'standards' of their own devising alone, the homeopathic branch of the medical profession would have had more and better colleges of its own today than our pioneers ever dreamed."

This is a view of Copeland that is not even approached in this book, simply because the author does not understand the internal politics of homeopathy in the U.S. through these troubled years. As the homeopathic schools closed and as the AMA gained political clout, the end was easy to see. Stalwart homeopaths like Rudolph Rabe, MD, chastised such "half­homeopaths" who tried to "curry favor" with the allopaths.

Missing pieces, misapplied references
Missing from this book is also that unique slice of time from Copeland's death to the present, during which, if it weren't for homeopathic stalwarts of the Interna­tional Hahnemannian Association (IHA), homeopathy would have died out, just as the AMA hoped it would. After the pas­sage of the FDA legislation, the book skips ahead 60 or so years to 2000 to describe where homeopathy is today.

Again, there are misapplied references. In a discussion about the use of the word "complementary" to describe alternative or unconventional medical practices (page 244), we find the following: "The word 'complementary' had actually first been used in 1889 by a homeopath when Dr. E.B. Nash wrote in the Transactions of the International Hahnemannian Association that 'in regard to complementaries we often see the reports of cases in our jour­nals, when some marvelous result with some particular remedy have been accom­plished, that this remedy had to be fol­lowed by some other remedy to finish the cure." Robins is misinformed; Nash is referring to the concept of complementary remedies and is not coining a word to describe an "alternative" practice.

Present-day misunderstandings
In describing where homeopathy is today, the author chooses to follow two contem­porary homeopaths, Jennifer Jacobs, MD, and Michael Carlston, MD, as they strug­gle to find acceptance for homeopathy within the conventional medical model. Reading these pages, it was as if I were reading about two strangers rather than people I have known for almost 20 years.

Almost every homeopath I know has treated at least a case or two of otitis media, and has been successful at it. How is that success measured? Generally, the child stops having earaches, the operation to install "tubes" is cancelled, and the child seems healthier overall. So when I see a study about treating otitis media with homeopathy summarized as "unimpres­sive and insignificant;' I worry. And when the author quotes a homeopath as saying, "the study does not convince me otitis media should be treated by homeopathy;' I worry some more.

It is this last part of the book, the author's account of the homeopathic pres­ent, that I find most troubling. Robins chose to accept Stephen Barrett's "Quack­watch, Inc." as a reliable source. Barrett has a large axe to grind, and he's been grinding it for over 25 years. His extreme polemics have been formally discredited in a Supe­rior Court in California, and in a separate court ruling, a three-judge panel described him as "biased and unworthy of credibility." To accept a "quackbuster" as the final word cheapens the whole book and the author's credibility.

Bottom line
Copeland's Cure is well bound, and the illustrative photos are interesting. The footnotes are difficult to check as they are a jumble of sources, sorted as to category. The bibliography is not comprehensive.

The story of Copeland's political life is fascinating. A book like this might get some people interested in looking at this magnificent therapy called homeopathy. But it would have been better if the author had had even the slightest inkling of what homeopathy is about-rather than learn­ing about it from a half-homeopath like Copeland and unreliable sources like the quackbusters.

A final word
To me, the lessons from this are clear. The more you try to sell homeopathy to those steeped in the conventional medical model, the more you will fail. No trial will be large enough. No "cures" will be certain enough. Every outcome can have another explanation. And homeopathy-the real homeopathy that Hahnemann teaches in the Organon-will be the loser. Homeopa­thy will survive, however, because those who do it right know that it works. All it takes is to watch the teething Chamomilla child stop in mid-cry when the remedy is put on the tongue to know the power of this medicine.

Julian Winston

10 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Attempted Balance in the History of American Homeopathy
By Rob Hardy
We are greatly interested in our health, and are eager to spend huge sums of money on pills to improve it (though we are less eager, it seems, to change our habits of diet and exercise). If there was ever a need to fill, as in "Find a need and fill it," medical treatment holds enormous potential for enriching practitioners. This has always been true, and has been true before medicine was on a strong scientific basis, and is true for "alternative" treatments that have no scientific basis. These days, there is standard medical practice, the usual thing that graduates of medical schools are engaged in, and there are many alternatives: acupuncture, chiropractic, herbal remedies, naturopathy, aromatherapy, and many more. Alternative medicine, to the disgust of many doctors and skeptics, has gotten some official level of approval; there's the Office of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the National Institutes of Health, and financial approval shown by coverage from many insurance companies. Among the most famous of such therapies is homeopathy, so it is timely to read _Copeland's Cure: Homeopathy and the War between Conventional and Alternative Medicine_ (Knopf) by Natalie Robins. It is mostly a biography of Royal Samuel Copeland, a homeopath, conventional doctor, eye surgeon, Health Commissioner of New York City, and U.S. Senator, but Copeland's constant efforts for his beloved homeopathy encompassed the practice's heyday. The controversies he battled are the same ones that alternative medicines are experiencing today, making Robins's detailed look at Copeland's life useful background for current clashes.

Robins starts with a history of homeopathy, which was invented in 1796 by the German doctor Christian Friedrich Samuel Hahnemann, who was horrified by the high doses of medicine that doctors used at the time. He developed a system of curing by giving highly dilute solutions of medicines, so that only the tiniest amount, or even no amount, of the original drug remained in solution. Copeland, born in 1868, took up homeopathy, was president of the American Institute for Homeopathy, and translated his leadership into the civic arena, always promoting homeopathic treatments without shouting that he was doing so. He was busy promoting homeopathy during the time when medicine really did become scientific and really made cures such as those with penicillin, while homeopathic schools folded. He had frequent battles with the American Medical Association. Copeland died in 1938; he probably simply worked himself to death.

Robins says that she has tried to give both sides of the argument about homeopathy, but admits that "scientific proof is only a distant possibility." Homeopathic claims include that water not only has a memory for teensy amounts of solutes, but that such a memory can be captured, digitized, and sent over the internet to be instilled into another water sample. The claims cannot make logical, scientific sense; if such tiny (even to the point of nonexistence) amounts of chemicals change the water somehow, then think how much even distilled water must change as soon as it touches glass or is exposed to air. Nonetheless, Robins profiles two modern homeopaths at the end of her book, each of whom are convinced not only that homeopathy works but that science will show it to do so. Even so, they have to speak warily of scientific investigations; one admits, for instance, that there was a study for homeopathy for premenstrual symptoms, showing homeopathy improved them, "...but the number of patients was small and the methodological quality was poor." Another says that a cure that is "more spiritual" will work better. Homeopathy does have at least one thing to teach conventional doctors: patients report that they are happy with the amount of time the homeopathic provider spends with them. This is surely no small matter in producing the sort of satisfaction in patients that homeopaths prize. If the homeopaths are going to make extraordinary claims, like memory in water, they can only expect that conventional doctors would like to see some extraordinary evidence that this is so, or at least robust and replicable studies showing real cures. Homeopathy either makes a difference or it doesn't, and clinical tests will show one way or the other, unless excuses are made that they cannot test such things as the "spirituality" of the treatment. Even one of the modern homeopaths profiled here agrees with the editors of the _New England Journal of Medicine_ "...who wrote that there is not alternative and conventional medicine, there is just good and bad medicine." The bustling, energetic, platitudinous, and self-serving Royal Copeland revealed in these entertaining pages would certainly agree; but evidence that homeopathy goes into the "good medicine" category is lacking.

4 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Is less more?
By D. P. Birkett
Natalie Robins gives us (at what must have been , judging from her bibliography, an enormous cost in sweated research) three books for the price of one.
The first is a biography of Royal Copeland; the second a history of the relationships between a variety of ancillary health professionals and regular MD's; the third is an investigation of the current standing of homeopathy.
I enjoyed the biography best. Some of the life goes out of the book when Copeland dies (on page 218, in 1938). He was a figure straight out of Sinclair Lewis, naïve in some ways but able to manipulate people and get ahead. He qualified as a homeopathic physician from a mid-western diploma mill. His energy and chutzpah brought him to make it big in New York City and rise to the United States Senate, founding New York Medical College and writing a medical advice column for William Randolph Hearst. Much about his pronouncements and statements was unintentionally comic. Robins cleverly lets him speak for himself. The text is peppered with his wondrous medical claims and hilarious pictures. (The descriptions of his ophthalmic procedures are messed up - it's needling not "kneedling" that was done for cataracts).
The explanation of the varying relationships over the years between doctors of medicine, homeopaths, osteopaths, naturopaths, chiropractors, podiatrists, optometrists, herbalists, acupuncturists, etcetera, and of their different qualifications was the clearest I've ever seen.
Evaluating the claims of these various practitioners obviously treads on touchy ground, and whether she does a fair job of it will be a matter of the reader's opinion, but she is able to make it entertaining as well as instructive.

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Sunday, June 22, 2014

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The Iliad, by Homer

Anger be now your song, immortal one,
Akhilleus' anger, doomed and ruinous,
that caused the Akhaians loss on bitter loss
and crowded brave souls into the undergloom,
leaving so many dead men-carrion
for dogs and birds; and the will of Zeus was done.
-Lines 1-6

Since it was first published more than twenty-five years ago, Robert Fitzgerald's prizewinning translation of Homer's battle epic has become a classic in its own right: a standard against which all other versions of The Iliad are compared. Fitzgerald's work is accessible, ironic, faithful, written in a swift vernacular blank verse that "makes Homer live as never before" (Library Journal).

This edition includes a new foreword by Andrew Ford.

  • Sales Rank: #13463 in Books
  • Brand: Homer/ Fitzgerald, Robert (TRN)/ Ford, Andrew (INT)
  • Published on: 2004-04-04
  • Released on: 2004-04-03
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.50" h x 1.40" w x 5.50" l, 1.24 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 640 pages
Features
  • ISBN13: 9780374529055
  • Condition: New
  • Notes: BRAND NEW FROM PUBLISHER! 100% Satisfaction Guarantee. Tracking provided on most orders. Buy with Confidence! Millions of books sold!

Review
"Mr. Fitzgerald has solved virtually every problem that has plagued translators of Homer. The narrative runs, the dialogue speaks, the military action is clear, and the repetitive epithets become useful text rather than exotic relics." --The Atlantic Monthly
-- Review

Language Notes
Text: English, Greek (translation)

From the Publisher
This translation of The Iliad equals Fitzgerald's earlier Odyssey in power and imagination. It recreates the original action as conceived by Homer, using fresh and flexible blank verse that is both lyrical and dramatic.

Most helpful customer reviews

130 of 141 people found the following review helpful.
Not the biggest fan of this translation...
By T. Bachman
Fortunately, Homer is so wonderful that even fairly imaginative renderings of the text, like Fagles', can't obscure his genius.

I guess I have a bit of a problem with Fagles' translation. When I read Homer, I want to read Homer, not Robert Fagles re-writing Homer. This version reminds me of the comment made to Alexander Pope after he published his version of "The Iliad" - "a pretty poem, Mr. Pope, but you must not call it Homer".

This translation is kind of a modern play on the Fitzgerald - something of an "artistic" version rendered into a kind of de rigeur semi-elliptical poetry-speak, relying on a reconfiguration of lines and sentences, replacement of Homer's own phrases, etc. If that's your bag, by all means get this.

But for me, the best translation out there is that which translates Homer as faithfully as possible consistent with comprehensible English. Fagles' cavalier handling of the source text eliminates this as the "best" translation for me.

Both the Loeb and Lattimore versions are very faithful, but I think some readers may find them fairly difficult, and then stop reading the book altogether, which would be a great shame since The Iliad is well worth reading even in the worst translation.

My two cents is that the translation out there which does the best job of combining fidelity to the original with readability is the Jones/Rieu put out by Penguin. It doesn't have the packaging of the Fagles nor the great essay by Bernard Knox in the front, but I think it does the best job at maintaining transparency, really letting Homer shine through. (But if you have the stomach for the Loeb, you could go hardcore and try that, too. But don't try this unless you're familiar with the entire story first...).

Whatever translation you get, I also recommend buying a CliffNotes to get the necessary background information. Another great resource is Malcolm Willcock's commentary, which I used while I was reading this. If you're going to take the time to read a classic, you might as well try to get everything out of it you can.

Good luck. I hope this review helped someone.

102 of 111 people found the following review helpful.
Abridged, but Excellent - and great fun, too
By CranstonShenir
The Iliad was meant to be heard rather than read. It's a cliche, but it's true. So an audio version of the Iliad can be a great thing; rather than just a secondary version of a published book, it can be in some ways a purer representation of the original work. This recording is an (abridged) reading by Derek Jacobi of Robert Fagles's best-selling 1990 translation. I'll deal with three different aspects of this product separately: the translation, the performance, and the abridgement.

THE TRANSLATION (5 stars):

Judging a translation is a hard thing to do, and a lot of it comes down to personal aesthetic preference. Remember, all translations are paraphrase, and each can capture different facets of an original but none can capture all of it. This is particularly true of poetry, where much of the artistic content of the original is not only in the meaning of the words, but the sound, shape, and rhythm of the words themselves in the original language. What many translations of the Iliad lose, regardless of their literal accuracy, is the feel of Homer's verse - its directness, the concreteness of its language, and above all the headlong momentum of the whole thing. Homer's hexameter verse is propulsive, pulling the hearer (note: not the reader) forward with an unstoppable 15,000-line drumbeat that leaves you breathless. (Well, it leaves me breathless, anyway -- your mileage may vary.) Fagles captures this feeling magnificently in direct, confident, robust English. True, Fagles is not always literally accurate in the translation of specific words or epithets, but he expertly recreates the vigor of the piece. Richmond Lattimore's excellent translation (The Iliad of Homer) is closer to Homer in capturing some of the subtleties of wording, and is rigorous in its fidelity to the text, but the Fagles translation is my favorite for sheer heart-pounding excitement. The warrior spirit of the Iliad comes crashing through this translation undiluted and without apology.

THE PERFORMANCE (4 and a half stars):

Jacobi gives a spirited performance, with a forceful, fiery delivery well-suited to the heroic bombast of the battle scenes and the emotionally-charged clash of strong personalities. Achilles's offended pride, Hector's valiant but headstrong dedication to duty, Agamemnon's arrogance, and Paris's weasly self-serving faux contrition all come through vividly. My only criticisms of Jacobi's performance are these: while well-suited to the larger-than-life elements of the story, Jacobi can occasionally be too bombastic in a few of the more intimate moments. In addition (and this is admittedly a bit of a nitpick), I feel that he disregards the meter a little too much. As I mentioned above, the drumbeat of Homer's verse is a key aspect of its artistic appeal. Fagles chooses a loosely iambic meter which is not intrusive, but imparts a definite rhythm; at times, Jacobi all but ignores this and might as well be reading prose. There's no need for a bouncy Dr. Seuss-style delivery, but a bit more recognition of the rhythmic flow of the English version would suit me better. (This is, of course, a matter of taste.) Ian McKellen's (unabridged!) reading of Fagles's Odyssey translation (The Odyssey by Homer) is a contrast here: McKellen unobtrusively finds the rhythm of each line in a powerful (and a bit more textured) performance. These criticisms are by no means severe -- Jacobi's performance is excellent.

THE ABRIDGEMENT (3 stars):

Yes, as others note, this reading is abridged (approximately half of the text is left out), and a lot is unfortunately lost. When originally released on cassette in the early 1990s, the producers were probably skeptical of the sales potential of a 13-hour recording of an ancient Greek poem, and so hedged their bets with an abridgement. But both the print and recorded versions of Fagles's Iliad were surprising bestsellers. Happily, the publishers did not make the same mistake with Fagles's Odyssey, released in 1996: Ian McKellen's reading of that poem is unabridged (and glorious).

In this recording of the Iliad, most of the key episodes are preserved - for example the initial disagreement between Achilles and Agamemnon, Hector's return to Troy, Patroclus's death, Hector's death, and the final meeting between Achilles and Priam. Others are sadly missing. Some of the excised bits are obvious choices (the catalogue of ships in Book II is mercifully skipped over), but others are harder to bear. The biggest losses for me are Diomedes's gift of special sight on the battlefield in Book V and the funeral games for Patroclus, but most lovers of the Iliad will find some favorite moment or another gone.

But while the cuts are deep, they are fairly clean. Entire, unbroken blocks of text (ranging from dozens of lines to whole books) are removed en masse, rather than a line here and a line there; there is (thankfully) no resorting to paraphrase or condensing lines. Further, the excisions are well-marked: all words coming from Jacobi's mouth are directly from Fagles's translation; missing sections are bridged with summarizing narration read by a different narrator.

While the cuts are unfortunate, they do not generally detract from the high quality of the listening experience. For those who know the Iliad well, think of this as a terrific "greatest hits" version of the poem. Enjoy the parts that are here, and don't pine too much for the missing bits. You can always go back to the text for those.

J. Van Hoose

124 of 136 people found the following review helpful.
Solid translation, but not my first choice
By Scott Chamberlain
Some general thoughts....

First, there are several reasons for translating the Iliad. Obviously, it is one of the greatest pieces of literature that has as much to offer modern readers as it did those of antiquity. On the surface, it offers raw emotions, visceral action sequences and colorful characters you admire and hate, often at the same time. But it is much, much deeper than that. The scene where Hector bids his young wife good-bye and holds up his infant son to the gods, praying that the boy will one day be a better man than ever he himself was, has never been equaled as a statement of what it means to be a man, husband or father. The debates about honor and duty are still the same we face every day. The humanity, insight and profound philosophy are remarkable-especially for a work now 3,000 years old.

There are other considerations beyond aesthetics. Recent scholarship has revealed that Homer has much to tell us about real places, people, ideas, actions and politics. Gone is the great Classical scholar Finley's view that the Homeric poems are mostly fictitious and cannot tell much about the heroic Bronze Age. Therefore, there is a need for an accurate, line-to-line translation that can convey the feel of the original meter and still use the full range of words, places and objects that can often be "streamlined" in an adaptation.

This is where Lattimore's translation comes in. This still is probably the most "accurate" translation, preserving the structure of the poem, the full meaning of the Greek words and the original "tone" of the Greek. If you're wading thru the original Greek and want to have something to check against, this translation wins hands down. Also, if your interest in Troy is historical/archaeological, Lattimore is a must. And to be perfectly honest, many, many people have loved the language itself, hailing this as THE classic translation that all others must be judged against.

That said, to just sit down and read the Iliad for sheer enjoyment's sake, Lattimore isn't even my third choice. For all its accuracy, I've always felt I was reading a textbook, written by a classics scholar rather than an honest-to-goodness writer. I suspect casual readers might be put off by the (entirely appropriate) academic feel of the work, and miss the probing intelligence of the translation, the brilliant attempt to convey the peculiarities of the original language and meter into modern form.

This is a notable achievement, but for those who might be looking for a less "formal" translation might be steered toward Fagles' translation, or for a heart-pounding, visceral read, to Stanley Lombardo's vivid translation.

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^ Download Ebook Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World, by Sadakat Ka

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Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World, by Sadakat Ka

Ever since 9/11, fears about the shari‘a―Islamic law―have been spreading. A word that originally conveyed nothing more sinister than a direct path to water has become associated not with salvation but with brutality and compulsion. And as the legal historian and human rights lawyer Sadakat Kadri realized when he began writing this book, we are all worse off for not knowing its true meaning.

In Heaven on Earth, Kadri recounts Islam's thrilling and turbulent history with wit and precision and shows how fourteen hundred years of tradition have been turned upside down in just forty years by hard-line extremists. Traveling through more than half a dozen countries, he explores how the shari‘a is currently perceived―by scholars, critics, and ordinary believers alike.

Heaven on Earth is a brilliantly iconoclastic tour through one of humanity's great collective intellectual achievements. At a time when the shari‘a is shaping political crises and the lives of more than a billion Muslims worldwide, Kadri clarifies the realities of modern Islam―and helps us anticipate how it is going to look in the future.

  • Sales Rank: #610659 in Books
  • Published on: 2013-04-09
  • Released on: 2013-04-09
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.66" h x .89" w x 6.05" l, 1.02 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 384 pages

Review

“Eloquent . . . Thorough and admirable . . . Kadri's background gives him a grounded and many-angled perspective on Islamic law. He finds a great deal to admire in it, and he is deft at dispelling myths . . . [A] colorful march through Islamic history and jurisprudence . . . [Kadri] explores these complicated issues with probity but also good humor.” ―Dwight Garner, The New York Times

“A vivid history of Islam . . . Kadri's writing is full of elegance and wit.” ―The New Yorker

“A carefully researched history of how Islamic jurisprudence has evolved since the seventh century . . . [Kadri] writes with a breezy, witty tone and excels at synthesizing Islamic scholarship for a general reader. He provides a lively intellectual history of Islam.” ―Mohamad Bazzi, The New York Times Book Review

“Heaven on Earth is an evolutionary look at Islamic jurisprudence that is subtle, generous and--rather improbably--dryly hilarious . . . What makes this book so good isn't just that it manages the odd feat of delivering a discriminating, magisterial history of shari‘a that's also quite funny; it's that its humor isn't merely incidental. Kadri's tone--gently skeptical, wittily deflationary, and most of all darkly delighted by the absurdities of history--is perfectly consonant with the substance of his project.” ―Gideon Lewis-Kraus, NPR.org

“Measured [and] accessible . . . With the enthusiasm for complexity of a practicing lawyer, and the empathy of one descended from devout Indian Muslims, Kadri embraces this most controversial of topics with humor, heart and hope.” ―Brook Wilensky-Lanford, San Francisco Chronicle

“Learned, level-headed, engaging, [Heaven on Earth] deserves praise on every front . . . [Kadri] finds that the kinds of shari‘a now trumpeted by theocrats and militants always owe more to human arrogance than to divine inspiration.” ―Boyd Tonkin, The Independent

“An ambitious, accessible survey from the first notions of as conveying ‘the idea of a direct path to water' in the time of Muhammad when no written form of the moral law yet existed . . . With occasional personal travel details added to an engaging scholarly history, Kadri offers a readable, useful companion to the Qur'an.” ―Kirkus Reviews

“This is a beautifully nuanced and incisive study of a subject beset by misunderstanding. A timely and important achievement.” ―Colin Thubron, author of Shadow of the Silk Road

“Compelling . . . Admirably even-handed . . . [Heaven on Earth] book greatly enriches our understanding of a much misunderstood subject.” ―Ian Critchley, The Sunday Times (London)

“A truly penetrating and provocative book.” ―Aatish Taseer, The Observer (London)

“If you are about to utter the word ‘Islam' or ‘shari‘a,' stop and read this book first. It's a fascinating and often witty account of the evolution of the shari‘a through the ages and the way it's practiced across the Muslim world now. I never thought legal history could be made into a page-turner. Kadri is a brilliant historian and an even better writer.” ―Mohammed Hanif, author of A Case of Exploding Mangoes

“An elegantly composed model for writing cultural and intellectual history, Heaven on Earth explodes the nation of the Muslim world as a monolith and Islamic tradition as unchanging.” ―David Luhrssen, Express Milwaukee

“[A] fascinating journey . . . Skilfully weaves history with travelogue to guide the reader into this most contentious and topical of territory . . . Kadri approaches these themes with unstinting humanity and intelligence, as well as great fluency.” ―James Mather, The Spectator

“Captivating . . . Heaven on Earth is an erudite and instructive book.” ―Ziauddin Sardar, The Times (London)

“Illuminating . . . Intriguing and memorable . . . [An] intellectually nimble and rigorously researched book . . . Kadri is a precise and stylish writer, as good on explicating abstruse arguments as he is at conjuring vivid scenes . . . Given how heated debates about shari‘a have become, and given how glancing the intellectual engagement with it is on the part of some of the most strident voices, this brave and sane book could not be more timely.” ―Stuart Kelly, The Scotsman

“[A] brilliant and illuminating study . . . A gripping account . . . Kadri is far too subtle to either to mount an attack on shari‘a, or to defend it. He has demystified it . . . With tact and fine writing, [Kadri] has helped us to understand what shari‘a really is, and how it emerged, and that will do at least something to demolish prejudice.” ―Boris Johnson, The Mail on Sunday

“Lively, yet scholarly . . . Kadri is an ideally positioned guide.” ―Sameer Rahim, The Daily Telegraph

About the Author
Sadakat Kadri is a practicing English barrister and qualified New York attorney, and the author of The Trial. He has a master's degree from Harvard Law School and has contributed to The Guardian, The Times (London), and the London Review of Books, and he is the winner of the 1998 Shiva Naipaul Memorial Prize for travel writing. He lives in London.

Most helpful customer reviews

22 of 25 people found the following review helpful.
Must Read for all Americans
By Dru Brenner-beck
Sadakat Kadri's "Heaven on Earth" is an amazing work that takes the reader through the history of Islam through the development of the shari'a, the path devout Muslims hope to follow to come closer to God. As the author makes clear, Islam as any other religion, is rife with conflicting interpretations of the Quran that developed over time and that continue today. Western civilization experienced the same sort of rifts as Christianity developed and split and split again. Kadri does a superb job at explaining the history of the development of Islamic jurisprudence and by doing so illuminates present day conflicts within Islam and between Islam and the West. I've read Karen Armstrong's Biography of Mohammed and her History of Islam, both are good basics, and while a basic knowledge of Mohammed's life and the development of Islam make Kadri's book even better, his writing and organization stand on their own. Providing knowledge and provoking thoughts are Kadri's strong points, and he is unafraid to tackle the hard issues throughout this book. The inextricable linkage in Islam between the State and religion is one aspect of the development of shari'a that continues to be difficult for western readers to comprehend, although the US has its share of those who want the nation to be defined as a "Christian nation" so perhaps the linkage is not so difficult to understand. Islamic scholars have had to wrestle with questions of how to interpret the Quran, its conflicts, its changes, and how to interpret its contents in accord with the world as it is. These processes are not so different from that undergone by other religious scholars attempting to understand their own traditions (with the attendant biases and agendas operating in any interpretation). Kadri's three year work on this book shows, and it should be read by anyone who wants to better understand how the jurisprudence of Islam developed and exists in myriad forms today.

14 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
Kadari reveals the truth about the Islamic legal history
By Israel Drazin
Sadakat Kadri gives readers a good history of Islam beginning with the life of Muhammad and continuing to the present. He focuses mostly on the development of the Islamic legal system, how it changed in remarkable ways.

The basic document of Islam is the Qur'an; however much of its original meaning is unclear or no longer relevant: "most of the Qur'an's 114 chapters had been overruled - 71 of them, according to one authoritative estimate." Islamic scholars explain that "God's responses to changing circumstances meant that many older verses of the Qur'an could be legally ineffective."

Muslims differ as to when the Qur'an appeared. It "was first enunciated by the Prophet Muhammad during the 620s." It is not composed chronologically, but organized according to the size of its chapters. Its name means "recitation," and many are convinced that it wasn't written down until after Muhammad's death. Others insist that he had it written during his lifetime. Some say that Allah composed it. Others insist that it existed as long as Allah. This later view suggests that the Qur'an's content has nothing to do with divine will or earthly circumstances; it is truth personified. However, this view seems to be contradicted by its changes due to altered circumstances.

Shari'a is Islamic laws, from inheritance to warfare. The name conveys "the idea of a direct path to water - a route of considerable importance to a desert people." However, it is more than that. Water is a sustainer of life. As one Syrian jurist put it: "If it had not been for the fact that some of its rules remain [in this world] this world would [have] become corrupted and the universe would [have been] dissipated." Changes in human circumstances also resulted in changes in the shari'a. As with the US Constitution, Muslim scholars differ how to interpret it. Some are open to modern interpretations, seeking how the ancients might have resolved legal questions that they knew nothing about. Others are strict constructionists and insist that God manifested his will through the shari'a; obliging Muslim judges to interpret shari'a according to its ancient no longer relevant meaning. Kadri writes that this traditional approach has "the whiff of a séance about it... (and) seems akin to ancestor worship"

The third part of the Islamic legal system is the fiqh, meaning "deep understanding." These are legal decisions by Muslim jurists designed to explain the Qur'an and shari'a. Like religious leaders of other religions, they "Hypothesized fantastically unfortunate dilemmas: what Muslims should do on a desert island, for example, if they found themselves pining away alongside a dead shipmate, a pig, and a flask of wine (clue: avoid the pig and alcohol until desperate)." Different Islamic schools have different interpretations of fiqhs.

The fourth and most troubling in every religion is the hadiths, the stories told about the ancients, from Muhammad on, with the idea that religious people should copy their age-old behavior. Kadri points out that most of these tales are filled with fantastic events, pure inventions, and many were written to justify certain behaviors that are not explicit in the shari'a or fiqh and are contrary to its spirit.

The fifth level is fatwas. These are religious opinions issued by any religious leader and are only binding on Muslims who attached themselves to the religious leader who issued the opinion. Thus, Pakistan's schools "refused on religious principle to put their clocks forward for the summer, because the muftis in charge considered daylight saving time to be an unholy innovation." Another important example is that the ancient laws never allowed the murder of civilians. Yet, Osama bin Laden bizarrely relied on a fatwa by ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328) to justify killing non-combatants, Muslim and non-Muslims, during and not during war. Ibn Taymiyyah decision only addressed the conditions of his time. He allowed Muslims to defend themselves against the attacks by Mongols and to kill Muslims soldiers who had joined the Mongol forces in self defense during the battles.

There is no overall religious body in Islam today which decides which ruling is correct, Islam has no Pope capable of resolving earthly disputes, and, as a result, there is much disagreement among Muslims about how to act. The only certainty, as with the other religions today, is that Islam is generally more conservative today than it was in the past. Thus, for example, "The very idea that Muslims might blow themselves up for God was unheard-of before 1983, and it was not until the early 1990s that anyone anywhere had tried to justify killing innocent Muslims who were not on the battlefield. The arguments for violence are recent."

The results are macabre. "After a twenty-seven-year-old woman killed herself and an eighty-one-year-old Jewish man outside a shoe shop on Jerusalem's Jaffa Road in January 2002, for example, the only moral qualms expressed by the Egyptian jurist Yusuf al-Qaradawi concerned the propriety of a female martyr traveling to her death unchaperoned."

5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Heaven on Earth
By Van E. Langley
Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World

There is no better way to understand current events in the Islamic world (e.g. the "Islamic Spring")than to carefully read this outstanding historic summary of the origins and growth of "Shari'a" law and politics from pre-Islam to 2012. This is an outstanding read, covering politics, war, law and philosophy; once finished, you can read your morning newspaper and place current developments in the Muslim world in a comprehensive context. Congratulations to the author!

Van E. Langley, J.D.

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